1. Dried leaves rusty orange, at least near 
apex, often rust colored on abaxial surface 
in contrast to a dark green or bronze green
colored adaxial surface, generally twisted
obliquely to the stem axis, often recurved 
and evenly tapered to a sharply pointed 
acute apex (Figs. 59–62), midrib rounded 
on both surfaces; mostly 1700–3000 m, 
NE India to China (including
Taiwan).………..….—13. Taxus kingstonii

1. Dried leaves green to reddish, or discolored
reddish along abaxial margins and on midrib,
spreading nearly at right angles to stem axis, 
the adjacent leaf edges closely parallel, or 
often falcate, obtuse to acuminate (Figs. 
63–75), the abaxial midrib elevated and 
truncate, or flush, usually channeled;  leaf
epidermal cells long elliptical in cross-
section, ~ 2–3× w/h (Fig. 64); mostly 
below 1200 m…..........………....................—2

Figs. 59–62. Taxus kingstonii. Fig, 59 (top right): from Yunnan, Forrest (A). Fig. 60-61 (left and center right): from Taiwan, Wilson 9738 (A), holotype. Fig. 62 (lower right): from Khasi Hills, India, Mann (P).  Note how the leaves twist and curve as they spread from branchlets, the color contrast between upper (dark green) and lower (yellowish orange) surfaces, and the slightly convex upper surface.

2. Leaves obtuse to acute (Fig 67),
or  nearly acuminate in type; leaf 
epidermal cells in cross section
± globose and larger (inflated) on 
abaxial midrib than those on adaxial 
surface that appear elliptical, in 
L- section (surface view) appearing 
± short trapezoidal (Fig. 65); S China................................ Taxus mairei—2a

Fig. 63 Taxus mairei var. mairei: from Guangxi, China, Wang-Te-Hui 445 (A), note isodichotomous branching

2a. Branching often isodichotomous (Fig.63); leaves along one side of
        branchlet with closely parallel margins (Figs. 66–67); seeds
        purplish......................................................... —14a. Taxus mairei var. mairei

2a. Branchlets often unequally divided; leaves often appearing 
        unevenly spaced along branchlets; seeds tan in color 
        (Fig. 69)....................................................... —14b Taxus mairei var. speciosa

Fig. 64-65

Fig. 66

Fig. 67

Figs. 68–69: Taxus mairei var. speciosa. Fig. 68: (above) from Guizhou, isotype (A), illus. of abaxial surface from margin to midrib in mid region of leaf.  Note the broad marginal region of cells, and high density of stomata in 16 rows. Fig. 69 (right): from Sichuan, China, Fang 3442 (P), with leaves slightly longer than typical form and with tan colored seeds.

2. Leaves acuminate (Figs. 70–75); leaf epidermal cells appearing similar in T-sect. on
both surfaces, nearly rectangular as seen from surface view of abaxial midrib and
marginal zones; E Himalayas to Indonesia,  Philippines................................. —3

     3. Dried leaves plane to convex across adaxial surface (Figs. 70–72);
     NE India, Thailand, southern China and Sulawesi................ —12Taxus celebica

      3. Dried leaves puckered, often revolute along margins, especially
     upper third (Figs. 74–75)...................................—15 Taxus sumatrana—3a

3a. Leaves papillose on their abaxial surface except 4–8 rows of cells near
      margins, entirely papillose on midrib in mid region; China (Taiwan),
      Philippines (Luzon), Indonesia (Sulawesi) (Fig. 73–74).................
      ....................................................... —15c. Taxus sumatrana var. concolorata

3a. Abaxial surface of leaves lacking papillae across 8 or more cells 
      near margin and on midrib..................................................................................... 3b

    3b. Leaves to 4 cm long and 4 mm wide; mostly dark green when dried, epidermal
     cells on abaxial surface ±quadrangular; Nepal, India (Khasia), China,
     (Zhejiang).........................................................—15b. Taxus sumatrana var. atrovirens

    3b. Leaves to 3.5 cm long, 1.8–2.5 mm wide; blackish green on drying, epidermal cells
     on abaxial surface rectangular; Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines (Luzon), Indonesia
     (Sulawesi, Sumatra)...........................................—15a. Taxus sumatrana var. sumatrana

Fig. 73

Fig. 75

Figs.  73–77: Taxus sumatrana. Figs. 73–74:  var. concolorata from Taiwan, de Laubenfels P671 (A). Figs. 75–76: var. sumatrana.  Fig. 75 from Sumatra, holotype (U). Fig. 76 (bottom left): from Philippines, Leano 20672 (US). Fig. 77 (bottom right): var. atrovirens from Nepal (holotype, A). Note revolute leaf margins and reddish color on abaxial surface in Figs. 74–76.