Verbena bipinnatifida
 [Glandularia bipinnatifida var. ciliata}
Gila Natl. For., NM, Oct 2007

Verbena bipinnatifida
[Glandularia bipinnatifida]
Hudespeth Co., TX, Nov  2007

Verbena bracteata
Utah: Black Rock Desert,
gypsum along road margin,
Spjut 16130, Sep 2007

Verbena goodingii
Santa Cruz Co.,15 miles NW of Nogales, AZ, Oak Woodland, Spjut 13325, April 1973

Verbena goodingii
Lake Chapala, BCN
Spjut & Marin12782, Mar 1993

Verbena neomexicana
Big Bend Natl. Park, TX
Spjut & Marin15080, Nov 2002

Castro-Gamboa I. and O. Castro.  2004.  Iridoids from the aerial parts of Verbena littoralis (Verbenaceae).  Phytochemistry. 65(16): 2369–2372.  “The iridoids, 6S-hydroxy-8S-methyl-4-methylene-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3-one and 6S,9S-dihydroxy-8S-methyl-4-methylene-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3-one, were isolated from the aerial parts of Verbena littoralis. Their structures and stereochemistry were elucidated by means of NMR spectral data analysis. Both compounds showed moderate in vitro activity against gram positive and negative bacteria as well as moderate in vivo intestinal peristaltic action in mouse. The iridoids also showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as well as antioxidant activity, the latter being evidenced by redox properties measured using E1CD-HPLC.”