Adenophyllum cooperi
E San Bernardino Co., CA
Spjut 15257, Mar 2003

Adenophyllum cooperi
Cima Rd., San Bernardino Co., CA
May 2006

Adenophyllum porophylloides
Riverside Co., CA, Chuckwalla Mts.
May 1973

Souza, M. C., A. C. Siani, M. F. Ramos, O. J. Menezes-de-Lima and M. G. Henriques.  2003. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from two Asteraceae species.  Pharmazie 58(8): 582–586. “The essential oils from two Asteraceae species, Porophyllum ruderale (PR) and Conyza bonariensis (CB) were screened for anti-inflammatory activity in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by zymosan (500 microg/cavity) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (250 ng/cavity). The main monoterpene constituents of each oil, beta-myrcene (in PR) and limonene (in CB), were tested in the LPS-induced pleurisy model and assayed also for immunoregulatory activity by measurement of the inhibition of NO and production of the cytokines, gamma-interferon and IL-4. The oils, when administered orally, were able to inhibit the LPS-induced inflammation including cell migration; with a similar effect being observed for pure limonene. Pure beta-myrcene and limonene were also effective in inhibiting production of nitric oxide at doses below the cytotoxicity of these monoterpenes. A significant inhibition of gamma-interferon and IL-4 production by limonene and beta-myrcene was also observed.”